Krypton (Kr)
Like neon, the rare noble gas krypton (Kr) is obtained from air, where it is present to the extent of about 1 part per million (ppm). The largest quantities of technically obtained krypton is used to fill light bulbs, since it permits high temperatures or lighting performance of the filaments thanks to its low conductivity.
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Optimised energy balance in modern buildings+-
Krypton is a key success factor in energy-saving windows.
Optimised energy balance in modern buildings-
Krypton is a key success factor in energy-saving windows. It is used as a filler gas between insulated glass panes as its low thermal conductivity increases the effectiveness of insulation. 40 percent or more of all krypton produced worldwide is used for this purpose.
Well-insulated windows are crucial in ensuring that new or renovated buildings meet increasingly strict energy rating regulations. The energy efficiency trend is driving demand for krypton, as this noble gas is used between insulated glass panes to help minimise thermal conductivity and significantly increase insulation effectiveness. -
Filling gas for light bulbs+-
Rare gases such as krypton and xenon are highly valued for numerous...
Filling gas for light bulbs-
Rare gases such as krypton and xenon are highly valued for numerous applications. Recently, they have been increasingly making their way into automotive headlights. Krypton is used, for example, to fill halogen sealed-beam headlights. The beauty of these lights is that they burn brighter and longer, use less power and enable people to see more clearly.
Krypton is also used as a filler gas in halogen bulbs, energy-saving bulbs and gas discharge tubes in illuminated billboards. Replacing nitrogen/argon with krypton in halogen energy-saving lamps and fluorescent lamps increases bulb life and produces more effective lighting.
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Making Of
We have been searching for a way of making invisible gases visible – and have developed a fascinating, unique approach: with the help of software programmed especially for this project, which calculates breathtaking representations from seven separate material properties of each gas, the gases can be visualised. The specific feature of gases is their different physical properties*. > More
Making Of-
We have been searching for a way of making invisible gases visible – and have developed a fascinating, unique approach: with the help of software programmed especially for this project, which calculates breathtaking representations from seven separate material properties of each gas, the gases can be visualised. The specific feature of gases is their different physical properties*Depending on the scientific source, the stated data may vary slightly.. We use these properties as the basis for the visualisation:
- Molar mass (g/mol)
- Density at boiling point (kg/dm3)
- Covalent radius (pm)
- Number of electrons per molecule
- Vapour pressure (mbar)
- Melting point (°K)
- Boiling point (°K)
Note:
The visualisations of the gases are based on a selection of actual physical properties. By assigning graphic forms to these properties, a purely artistic interpretation emerges which isn’t the result of scientific working methods.
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Nuclear structure
molar mass83.8 g/mol
number of electrons36
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Helix core
density2.41 kg/dm3
vapor pressure *731 mbar
melting point116 K
* at triple point
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Loops
melting point116 K
covalent radius116 pm
number of electrons36
density2.41 kg/dm3
Terms of use-
The use of this website, hereinafter the "Linde Website", is provided by Linde plc, hereinafter "Linde", and is subject to the following terms and conditions, hereinafter the "Terms and Conditions":
1. Your acknowledgement of the Terms and Conditions
By accessing the Linde Website you, the user, acknowledge and confirm that you have read, understood, and agree to the following terms and conditions of use. Furthermore, you agree to be bound by all applicable laws as well as any other applicable rules and conditions. If you do not understand or agree with these terms and conditions you must stop accessing and using the Linde Website.
2. Scope of right to use
2.1 All text footage, pictures, graphics, software, applications, sound samples, animations videos, corporate logos and brands, the layout of the Linde Website, as well as other content contained in the Linde Website, hereinafter jointly referred to as the “Linde Website Content”, are protected by trademark and copyright law and other laws for the protection of intellectual property and may be subject to third parties’ rights.
2.2 Linde does not grant any license rights or other rights regarding the use of the intellectual property rights in the Linde Website Content, unless otherwise specified herein. The copying, distributing, reproducing, forwarding, otherwise using of these intellectual property rights in the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content including the making available to third parties is not permitted without the prior written consent of Linde. All such intellectual property rights remain the property of Linde.
2.3 The user is only permitted to view and use the Linde Website Content for his own personal, non-commercial use as part of his use of the Linde Website. The user is also permitted to produce a single copy of the Linde Website for his personal, non-commercial use, on the condition that the content is not altered in the course of copying and all references to intellectual property rights are retained in the copy, or inserted if only extracts from the Linde Website are used.
2.4 The content of press releases and other documents classified as public may be used in public communications save the condition that the permission granted hereunder does not apply to those parts of public documents which are protected by trademark or copyright law, or other legal regulations. Any use of such material is made in the sole responsibility of the user.
2.5 Access to or use of the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content from countries, where this access or this use is unlawful, is not permitted. In this case, and if the user wants to enter into business relations with Linde, the user should contact representatives of Linde in the respective country.
2.6 Any other use of the Linde Website as well as the Linde Website Content is prohibited unless specifically permitted by these Terms and Conditions.
3. Restrictions of Use
3.1 The user must in particular not, without the prior written consent of Linde,
- use the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content for any fraudulent or unlawful purpose;
- use any registered or unregistered trademarks or signs on the Linde Website or in the Linde Website Content without the prior written consent of the respective owner;
- translate, modify, adapt, reverse engineer, decompile or disassemble the Linde Website or Linde Website Content in whole or in part;
- remove any notice of copyright, trademark, or other proprietary rights from the Linde Website Content;
- frame or otherwise embed Linde Website Content in your or a third party website;
- mirror any part of the Linde Website;
- create a database by systematically storing and downloading all or any Linde Website Content; or
- use any robot, spider, site search application or retrieval application or other manual or automatic device to retrieve, index, “scrape,” “data mine” or in any way reproduce or circumvent the navigational structure or presentation of the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content.
3.2 Linde reserves the right to deny access to the Linde Website at any time.
4. Privacy
All personal data is collected, stored, processed and used in accordance with applicable data protection laws, the Linde Website privacy statement and the Linde Website cookie policy.
Learn more about the Linde Website privacy statement
Learn more about the Linde Website cookie policy
5. No Warranties
Linde does not give any express or implied warranties, nor do they make any representations, nor do they assume any responsibility that:
- the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content are available without interruption;
- the use of the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content will not infringe any third party rights;
- the Linde Website as well as the Linde Website Content are free from errors or are complete, accurate or up-to-date at all times;
- other web pages accessed by hyperlinks from the Linde Website, irrespective of whether these belong to affiliated companies of Linde or third parties, do not infringe third party rights, or are free from errors, or that applicable data protection provisions are complied with; or
- the Linde Website is free from viruses, bugs, malware, or similar malicious programs.
6. Limitation of Liability
6.1 Linde does not accept any liability for any content of websites which are accessed via link from the Linde Website, whether through technical malfunction, willful manipulation by third parties or through negligent, grossly negligent or willful misdirection by third parties.
6.2 Linde does not accept any liability for:
- defects in rights regarding the Linde Website or Linde Website Content;
- any loss or damage arising as a result of inhibited access or non-accessibility of the Linde Website as well as Linde Website Content;
- any loss or damage, which may arise from the use of the Linde Website or of any of the Linde Website Content, including anything done or the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done wholly or partly in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of the Linde Website or any of the Linde Website Content; or
- the availability of the content of third party websites or any loss or damage resulting from their use, regardless of the purpose of use, whereas Linde does not limit its liability under statutory law for the violation of life, body or health caused by willful intent or gross negligence by Linde or its representatives.
6.3 The Linde Website and the Linde Website Content are operated and managed by Linde and its subsidiaries. Save for the provisions herein, the Linde Website and the Linde Website Content take into account the requirements of the country, in which Linde or the subsidiary in charge is based. Linde accepts no responsibility if (i) the Linde Website is accessed, or (ii) if the Linde Website Content is used or downloaded from the Linde Website, in places outside the country concerned. When the user accesses the Linde Website from places outside the country concerned, the user is solely responsible for complying with the regulations that apply in accordance with their respective national laws.
7. Linde Website Content
7.1 Where the Linde Website Content is generated by, or sourced from, Linde, Praxair or any other third party (such content, the “Third Party Information”), the author and source of such Third Party Information and the date of its publication are clearly and prominently identified. Linde has neither sought nor obtained permission to use or quote such Third Party Information. Linde has not assisted in the preparation of the Third Party Information and cannot guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, completeness or availability of the Third Party Information, and does not explicitly or implicitly endorse such Third Party Information.
7.2 While Linde attempts to ensure that the Linde Website Content is accurate, all Linde Website Content is provided “as is” and on an “as available” basis and may not be accurate or up to date. No responsibility is accepted by or on behalf of Linde for any errors, omissions, or inaccuracy on the Linde Website or in any of the Linde Website Content.
7.3 No action should be taken or omitted to be taken in reliance upon the Linde Website or any of the Linde Website Content. Linde does not accept liability for any loss or damage, which may arise from the use of the Linde Website or of any of the Linde Website Content, including anything done or the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done wholly or partly in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of the Linde Website or any of the Linde Website Content.
8. Amendments to the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content or Terms and Conditions
8.1 Linde reserves the right, at any time and without prior notice, to make amendments, or additions, to the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content.
8.2 Linde reserves the right to change these Terms and Conditions of use from time to time at its sole discretion without any obligation to inform the user. The user agrees that his continued use of the Linde Website constitutes his consent to respective changes of the terms and conditions as applicable.
9. Violation of these Terms and Conditions
9.1 Linde reserves the right to deny the user’s access to the Linde Website in whole or in part at any time in case of the user’s non-compliance with these Terms and Conditions or the user’s infringement of the rights of Linde in the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content or any third parties’ rights.
9.2 Furthermore, the user herewith indemnifies and holds harmless Linde from and against all claims and damages arising out of or in connection with (i) the use of, or activities in connection with, the Linde Website and Linde Website Content, or (ii) any violation of these Terms and Conditions by the user.
10. Applicable Law
These Terms and Conditions and all questions and disputes relating to the use of the Linde Website or the Linde Website Content are exclusively subject to the laws of Ireland excluding the provisions of international private law and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG).
11. Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes
Linde does not commit to participate in alternative dispute resolution procedures in front of an alternative dispute resolution entity to resolve disputes with consumers.
Legal Notice-
Imprint
Responsible for the content of this website:
Linde plc
The Priestley Centre, 10 Priestley Road, The Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XY, United Kingdom
Linde plc is a public limited company incorporated and registered in Ireland with registration number 602527. Its registered address is at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380, Ireland and its principal executive offices are at The Priestley Centre, 10 Priestley Road, The Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XY, United Kingdom. Linde plc is registered in the United Kingdom as an overseas company with number FC034479 and its UK establishment is registered at The Priestley Centre, 10 Priestley Road, The Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XY, United Kingdom with registration number BR019569. The directors of Linde plc are Wolfgang Reitzle, Steve Angel, Ann-Kristin Achleitner, Clemens Börsig, Nance Dicciani. Thomas Enders, Franz Fehrenbach, Edward Galante, Larry Mc Vay, Victoria Ossadnik, Martin Richenhagen and Robert Wood.
Please refer to our website Terms and Conditions, which contains important disclaimers.
Data Protection-
With the following data privacy notice, we would like to inform you about the processing of your personal data by Linde plc, The Priestley Centre, 10 Priestley Road, The Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XY, United Kingdom
From time to time, it may be necessary to adapt this privacy policy as whole as well as specific parts of it to comply with the up to date legal requirements or to cover the introduction of new services. The most recent version of our data privacy notice can be found at: https://www.linde.com/privacy-statement
I. General Information regarding Data Protection at Linde
The controller responsible for the processing of your personal data in the sense of data protection law is Linde plc. Linde plc is a subsidiary of Linde plc (in this document, Linde plc and its affiliated companies are referred to as “Linde”), a leading global industrial gases and engineering company.
The contact details of the EU Group Data Protection Officer (“EU GDPO”) of Linde plc are:
Linde GmbH
EU Group Data Protection Officer
Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14
82049 Pullach, Germany
Email: dataprotection@linde.com
In connection with any processing of personal data by Linde plc, all data subjects have the following rights pursuant to Articles 15 to 21 GDPR - within the statutory limits of the member states:
- Right to information
- Right to correction
- Right of deletion
- Right to limitation of processing
- Right to data transferability
- Right of objection
Furthermore, you have the right to revoke your consent to the processing of your personal data at any time with effect for the future. Such revocation has no effect for the past, i.e. it does not affect the legitimacy of the data processing carried out up to the revocation. If you are of the opinion that the processing of personal data by Linde plc is not in accordance with the data protection regulations or you are not satisfied with the information provided by us, you have the right to file a complaint with the competent supervisory authority (see Art. 77 GDPR).
3. Transfer to Third Party Countries or International Organizations
We take care not to transfer your data to recipients in countries without an adequate level of data protection (third party countries). However, in some cases, this cannot be completely avoided. Where this is the case, Linde plc has taken and will take appropriate measures to ensure an adequate level of data protection at the recipient at all times. These include in particular adequacy decisions by the EU Commission or standard data protection clauses adopted by the EU Commission and are available via the EU Group Data Protection Officer.
4. Storage and Retention Periods
We process personal data only as long as it is necessary for the fulfillment of our contract obligations. As soon as the data concerned is no longer required for this, it is generally deleted. However, in order to comply with certain legal requirements, we must store some data beyond the termination of contractual relationships. This includes commercial and tax documentation, evidence and storage obligations. In these cases, we are generally required to safeguard or store data for three to ten years, or in rare instances, e.g. in legal disputes for up to 30 years.
II. Processing of Personal Data by Linde plc for Core Business Purposes
We process personal data only to the extent necessary to fulfill our contractual and legal obligations in connection with the business relationship with our customers, suppliers and partners. “Processing” means that we collect, store, delete or transfer personal data, to list a few examples. Personal data processed by us includes:
- Master and contact data of customers and suppliers, such as name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, function, department of our contact persons, etc.
- Data we need for invoicing and payment processing, such as bank details, tax number, credit management information, etc., as far as it concerns the data of a natural person
- Supplier and customer relationship management information, such as order history, etc., as far as it concerns the data of a natural person
We regularly receive the personal data processed by us within the framework of and in the course of our business relationship with our customers. In some cases, we also receive personal data from affiliated companies of Linde, e.g. contact data from suppliers within Linde’s supplier relationship management. In some cases, we also process personal data that we have received in another manner, in accordance with the applicable data protection laws. This is regularly the case regarding:
- Publicly accessible sources, e.g. trade and business registers, trade fairs, exhibitions, Internet sources, newspapers, trade directories, etc.
- Third parties who are not affiliated with Linde, e.g. trade/business associations, credit agencies, insurance companies, etc.
We process your personal data only for permitted purposes and in accordance with the applicable legal provisions of the GDPR and relevant national data protection laws.
We process personal data to fulfill our contractual obligations towards our customers and suppliers or to carry out so-called pre-contractual measures, which take place upon a specific request.
In these cases, the purpose of data processing is determined by the contract we have concluded with our customers or suppliers and services that are provided under this contract. This also includes, for example, the processing of personal data in the context of sending catalogues, information on our services or the preparation of specific offers.
We also process personal data insofar as it is necessary to safeguard the legitimate interests of Linde plc or Linde companies as well as our customers (and, if applicable, other third parties). Where this is the case, we process personal data only after due consideration of your relevant interests.
This includes in detail e.g.:
- The supply of products and the provision of services
- Customer service and handling of complaints
- Direct mail, provided you have not objected to the processing of your personal data for these purposes
- The surveillance of publicly accessible rooms in our branches with optical-electronic equipment (video surveillance)
- Transfer of personal data within Linde for internal administrative purposes
We also process your personal data if you have given us your consent. You may revoke your consent at any time. Please note, however, that data processing up to the date of revocation remains permissible.
We are required to process certain data in order to comply with legal obligations. Such obligations may arise from certain provisions of national commercial, trade, tax and social law as well as European legislation, e.g. in connection with regulations to avoid the financing of terrorism. In detail, this may also result in obligations for Linde plc to safeguard, store, report and collect data, which generally serve control purposes from the respective authorities.
2.5 Information regarding Change of Purpose
Should we process your personal data for any reason other than that for which we originally collected them, we will only do so to the extent permitted by law and will inform you of this new purpose.
Personal data will only be made available to other companies of Linde if and insofar as this is necessary to protect our legal and contractual rights and obligations. This, for example, can be the case for the coordination of our contractual services. Typical examples are centralized supplier and customer management services, centralized IT services and internal shared service center in finance and accounting.
We cooperate with external service providers to fulfill certain contractual obligations. This is the case, for example, in connection with specific supplier and customer management services, hosting of IT infrastructure and external shared service center in finance and accounting, payment processing (credit card, direct debiting, purchase on account), logistics and delivery, promotional activities or the transaction of online orders. As far as we involve external service providers, this always takes place within the legal limits and in compliance with the applicable data protection regulations.
We only transfer personal data to other recipients outside Linde if we are legally obliged or permitted to do so. In all other cases, we will only transfer your data to other third parties if you have given us your corresponding consent.
In the context of the continuous development of our business, we may divest subsidiaries or business parts or merge our business or parts thereof with another company. Such transactions typically entail the transfer of customer information pertaining to the sold or divested subsidiary or business part to the buyer or to the company created by the merger. In the unlikely event of a complete sale of Linde or substantial parts thereof, your personal information will also be transferred to the buyer.
4. Obligation to provide Data
In order to be able to provide our services to our customers, we must process certain personal data or are legally obliged to do so. We collect the corresponding data from you upon conclusion of the contract (e.g. address, business contact data and function). Without these data we cannot conclude contracts with our customers.
We do not use automated decision-making processes for procedures that have legal implications or a similarly significant impact on you. No decision will be made without further human review.
Profiling within the meaning of Art. 4 (4) GDPR in general does not take place at Linde. In case of an exception, a separate data protection notice will be provided.
III. How we use Personal Data for the purposes of our Websites
The companies of Linde operate websites to provide you with information regarding the companies and their products and services.
When you visit one of the websites of Linde, we collect certain personal data from you. Personal data processed in this connection may include your name, address, phone number or email address. Personal data processed in connection with the operation of our websites is typically actively provided by you when you use our website, e.g. when you register for a certain service such as a newsletter. In some cases, however, personal data processed can also be provided by third parties who are not affiliated with Linde, such as internet service providers or marketing affiliates or software plug-ins mainly due to technical reasons. The following data (in particular log information and device data) is automatically processed by Linde plc:
- The name of your Internet Service Provider (ISP)
- Your IP address
- Your browser type and your operating system (OS)
- Date, duration and time of your visit
- Visited websites
- Extracted data & downloaded files
- Your country
- Your referrer URL
- Your search term in case you were referred to our website by a search engine
We process personal data only to the extent necessary in each case.
We process personal data to fulfill our contractual obligations towards our customers or to carry out so-called pre-contractual measures, which take place upon a specific request. This may be the case when you register for certain services, for online orders or our supplier portal.
We also process personal data insofar as it is necessary to safeguard the legitimate interests of Linde plc or Linde companies as well as our costumers (and, if applicable, other third parties). Where this is the case, we process personal data only after due consideration of your relevant interests.
This includes in detail e.g.:
- Measures to analyze pseudonymized user behavior to further improve our websites
- Measures to provide website functionalities such as user account management, shopping carts
We also process your personal data if you have given us your consent. You may revoke your consent at any time. Please note, however, that data processing up to the date of revocation remains permissible. This includes in detail e.g.:
- Newsletter registrations
- Promotions
- Contact enquiries
3. Recipients of your Data
3.1 Linde Companies and Service Providers
Linde plc shares personal information as outlined above (see Section II. 3).
3.2 Social Media Providers
On some websites, Linde plc integrates some additional content and publications (blogs, posts, news, videos, interviews etc.) which has already been published in other social media / social networks (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter). As long as you do not click on any such content, no personal information will be transmitted to the respective social media provider.
By clicking on Social Media Wall content, your IP address will be transferred to the respective social media provider and stored, processed and used there in accordance with his privacy policy. An information banner at the Social Media Wall informs you that by clicking on a specific content, you agree to such transfer of your personal information.
You can find further details regarding the processing of your personal information by the social media providers here:
Facebook privacy policy
LinkedIn privacy policy
Twitter privacy policy
4. Cookies
We use cookies. Further information regarding the nature and purpose of cookies employed by us are contained in our cookie policy, available at: Cookie Policy.
5. Links
Our websites contain links to other websites, which are subject to separate data protection notices of the respective operators of such websites.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Information regarding your Right of Objection
1. Objection in particular Individual Situations
You have the right to object at any time to certain types of processing of your data for reasons arising from your particular situation. This right applies to data processing in the public interest and to data processing to protect legitimate interests. This right also applies to profiling, insofar as it is based on these two provisions.
If you object, we will cease processing your personal data. However, this does not apply if we can prove compelling reasons worthy of protection for the processing, that outweigh your interests, rights and freedoms, or if the processing serves to assert, exercise or defend legal claims.
2. Objection to processing for Direct Marketing purposes
In individual cases we process your personal data for direct marketing purposes. This is the case, for example, if we send you information about special offers or discount promotions.
You have the right to object to the processing of your personal data for these purposes. This right also applies to profiling insofar as it is connected to direct marketing.
If you object to direct marketing purposes, we will no longer process your personal data for these purposes.
Your objection does not require any specific form and can be e-mailed to us at: info@linde.com.
Pullach, May 2020